By the way, in regards to Durus vs Pickle, I found Durus outperformed Pickle in all critical areas in my app, which is why we're still using it. Pickle had the same memory use and speed, but it added 30 seconds to the application startup. Compressing the Pickle file shrunk it by 80% (40 MB to 8 MB) but had no effect on memory size or speed. Lowering the Durus cache to a measly 20 objects and making Chemical Persistent again (which required disabling .__slots__) brought the memory up to 190 MB (from 121), so that's not an option. The Chemical object has 153 slots, by the way, so slots are performing well even with a large number of attributes. -- Mike Orr