Mantavya, Go to the back of the classroom with Roger. You can cool a substrate in an e-gun evaporation if you want. Sputtering always produces heat to the substrate. Roger brought up the charge (source) heat, who cares? Substrate heat was the issue. Brent You are right Roger. E-Beam is not going to be a cool process. In my experience Sputtering should give you near room temperature (RT + 10'C-15'C) deposition. Cheers Mantavya Sinha PhD Student Dept of ECE NUS Contrary to many postings here, E-beam evaporation is thermal evaporation; the charge is not cool by any means. Roger Shile