Hi Perry, There have been a lot of papers published on thermal ink-jet printers which use heater resistors. Two classical papers that I have in my files were printed in the HP Jounal in May 1985 and August 1992. But I know there have been many others. I hope this helps you a little. Regards, Doug Finke MEMS Wafer Foundry Business Unit Standard Microsystems Corporation Perry Skeathon 12/17/98 11:23:38 AM Please respond to Perry Skeath ; Please respond to mems-cc@ISI.EDU To: MEMS@ISI.EDU cc: (bcc: Doug Finke/SMC) Subject: Micromachined heaters and heat exchangers Hello, MEMS-list subscribers - We are interested in heating a liquid as it passes through a chip. Does anyone have literature references on either of the two following subjects that they would be willing to share: 1. Chip-heater resistors 2. Micromachined heat exchangers Thank you in advance for your help! Perry Skeath SprayChip Systems Corp. 9841 Greenbelt Road, Suite 101 Seabrook MD 20706-6270 (301) 552-5570 voice (301) 552-5573 fax