Graham> Neil, what would we have to do to set Quixote right? We have a Graham> lot of hands (though time is always scarce ;-) but I doubt most Graham> of us have a clear appreciation of the problem. Don't believe when Neil says he's "not familiar with Unicode". He's apparently familiar enough to know where most of the stumbling blocks are. ;-) His previous message hit most/all the places I encountered. In theory, if all body text was accumulated as unicode objects instead of strings and there was a way to convey the desired encoding down to the level where stuff gets encoded into strings for tranmission, there'd be little else to do. I don't know what sort of breakage lower-level APIs in Quixote can tolerate, but I personal have nothing yet to be backward-compatible with, so I can probably charge ahead like a bull in a china shop and get something which works for me but isn't terribly pretty. Skip